"-th" meaning in Middle English

See -th in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /-θ/, /-d/, /-t/ Forms: -d [alternative], [alternative], -þe [alternative], -t [alternative], -te [alternative]
Etymology: Originally two distinct suffixes: * Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus. * Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis. Etymology templates: {{ety|enm|:inh<conj:and>|ang:-þ<id:u-stem>|ang:-þ<id:i-stem>|id=-ness}} [Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-þuz", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*-þu", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "-þ", "lang" : "ang" }, { "id" : "i-stem", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "abstract noun suffix", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "abstract noun suffix", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "action nouns", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-tis", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-þiz", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*-þi", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "-þ", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "-th", "lang" : "enm" }" data-id="-ness" data-lang="enm" data-title="-th" id="Middle_English:_-ness">, {{inh|enm|ang|-þ|id=u-stem}} Old English -þ, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-þu}} Proto-West Germanic *-þu, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-þuz}} Proto-Germanic *-þuz, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*-tus}} Proto-Indo-European *-tus, {{inh|enm|ang|-þ|id=i-stem}} Old English -þ, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-þi}} Proto-West Germanic *-þi, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-þiz}} Proto-Germanic *-þiz, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*-tis}} Proto-Indo-European *-tis Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix}} -th
  1. (no longer productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness Tags: idiomatic, morpheme
    Sense id: en--th-enm-suffix-vBFz9FtB Categories (other): Pages using catfix, Pages with 5 entries, Pages with entries, Middle English entries with etymon, Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with etymon Disambiguation of Pages using catfix: 11 22 20 20 7 19 Disambiguation of Pages with 5 entries: 8 18 18 18 4 12 19 1 1 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 7 17 20 20 2 12 21 1 1 Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 76 14 11
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

Etymology: See -the Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix|altform=1}} -th
  1. alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix) Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -the (extra: abstract nominal suffix)
    Sense id: en--th-enm-suffix-au0vlSL4
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

Etymology: See -the. Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix|altform=1}} -th
  1. alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix) Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -the (extra: ordinal suffix)
    Sense id: en--th-enm-suffix-ZhWwrJQQ
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-th"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "conflated with -the < *-iþō"
      ],
      "word": "-t"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "-th"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "raw_tags": [
        "conflated with -the < *-iþō"
      ],
      "word": "-t"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh<conj:and>",
        "3": "ang:-þ<id:u-stem>",
        "4": "ang:-þ<id:i-stem>",
        "id": "-ness"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þuz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þu\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-þ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"id\" : \"i-stem\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"action nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þiz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þi\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-þ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-th\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"-ness\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-th\" id=\"Middle_English:_-ness\">",
      "name": "ety"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-þ",
        "id": "u-stem"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -þ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-þu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-þu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-þuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-þuz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tus",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-þ",
        "id": "i-stem"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -þ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-þi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-þi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-þiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-þiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tis"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tis",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally two distinct suffixes:\n* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.\n* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-d",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-þ",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-þe",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-t",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-te",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 22 20 20 7 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 18 18 18 4 12 19 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 17 20 20 2 12 21 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "76 14 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness"
      ],
      "id": "en--th-enm-suffix-vBFz9FtB",
      "links": [
        [
          "-th",
          "-th#English"
        ],
        [
          "-ness",
          "-ness#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-θ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-d/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "etymology_text": "See -the",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "abstract nominal suffix",
          "word": "-the"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)"
      ],
      "id": "en--th-enm-suffix-au0vlSL4",
      "links": [
        [
          "-the",
          "-the#Middle_English:_abstract_nominal"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_text": "See -the.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "ordinal suffix",
          "word": "-the"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)"
      ],
      "id": "en--th-enm-suffix-ZhWwrJQQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "-the",
          "-the#Middle_English:_ordinal"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with etymon",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
    "Middle English suffixes",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-th"
    },
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "raw_tags": [
        "conflated with -the < *-iþō"
      ],
      "word": "-t"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "-th"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "raw_tags": [
        "conflated with -the < *-iþō"
      ],
      "word": "-t"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh<conj:and>",
        "3": "ang:-þ<id:u-stem>",
        "4": "ang:-þ<id:i-stem>",
        "id": "-ness"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þuz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þu\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-þ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"id\" : \"i-stem\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"action nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þiz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þi\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-þ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-th\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"-ness\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-th\" id=\"Middle_English:_-ness\">",
      "name": "ety"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-þ",
        "id": "u-stem"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -þ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-þu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-þu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-þuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-þuz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tus",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-þ",
        "id": "i-stem"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -þ",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-þi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-þi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-þiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-þiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tis"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tis",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Originally two distinct suffixes:\n* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.\n* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-d",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-þ",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-þe",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-t",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-te",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-th",
          "-th#English"
        ],
        [
          "-ness",
          "-ness#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-θ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-d/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-t/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "etymology_text": "See -the",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "abstract nominal suffix",
          "word": "-the"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-the",
          "-the#Middle_English:_abstract_nominal"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_text": "See -the.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-th",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "ordinal suffix",
          "word": "-the"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-the",
          "-the#Middle_English:_ordinal"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-th"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -th meaning in Middle English (6.2kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-07-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (b70b34c and e7887d5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.